migrain dan perempuan.

what is migraine headache?

a migraine headache is a severe pain felt on one, and sometimes, both sides of the head. The pain is mostly in the front around the temples or behind one eye or ear. Besides pain, you may have nausea and vomiting, and be very sensitive to light and sound. Migraine can occur any time of the day, though it often starts in the morning. The pain can last a few hours or up to one or two days.

how does it feels like?

the pain of a migraine headache can be intense. It can get in the way of your daily activities. Migraines aren’t the same in all people. you may also have a “premonition” several hours to a day before your headache starts. Premonitions are feelings you get that can signal a migraine is coming. These feelings can include intense energy, fatigue, food cravings and mood changes.

possible symptoms of migraine.

• Intense throbbing or dull aching pain on one side of your head or both sides.

• Nausea or vomiting

• Changes in how you see, including blurred vision or blind spots

• Being bothered by light, noise or odors

• Feeling tired and/or confused

• Stopped-up nose

• Feeling cold or sweaty

• Stiff or tender neck

• Light-headedness

• Tender scalp

what is the cause of migraine?

the causes are yet unknown,  but some things are more common in people who have them. Most often, migraine affects people between the ages of 15 and 55. Many people have a family history of migraine. They are more common in women. Migraine often becomes less severe and frequent with age.

the theories about cause of migraine.

• the blood flow theory, which focuses on blood vessel activity in the brain. Blood vessels either narrow or expand. Narrowing can constrict blood flow, causing problems with sight or dizziness. When the blood vessels expand, they press on nerves nearby, which causes pain.
• chemical changes in the brain. When chemicals in the brain that send messages from one cell to another, including the messages to blood vessels to get narrow or expand, are interrupted, migraines can occur.
• More recently, genes have been linked to migraine. People who get migraines may inherit abnormal genes that control the functions of certain brain cells. And something the person’s body is sensitive to in some way triggers the actual headaches.

what triggers migraine?

• Strong or unusual odors, bright lights or loud noises

• Changes in weather or altitude

• Being tired, stressed or depressed

• Changes in sleeping patterns

• Certain foods, especially those that contain tyramine, sodium nitrate or phenylalanine

• Missing meals or fasting

• Menstrual periods, birth control pills or hormones

• Intense physical activity, including sexual activity

• Smoking

To help pinpoint your headache triggers, it may be helpful to keep a headache “diary.” Each time you have a migraine, write down the time of day, point in your menstrual cycle, where you are at the time, and what you were doing when the migraine started. Talk with your doctor about what sets off your headaches to help find the right treatment for you.

Different type of migraine.

there are many different types of migrain, but 2 forms seen more often; classic migrain & common migraine.

Classic migraine. With a classic migraine, a person has these visual symptoms (also called an “aura”) 10 to 30 minutes before an attack; sees flashing lights or zigzag lines has blind spots or loses vision for a short time. The aura can include seeing or hearing strange things. It can even disturb the senses of smell, taste, or touch. Women have this form of migraine less often than men.

Common migraines don’t start with an aura. Common migraines may start more slowly than classic migraines, last longer and interfere more with daily activities. The pain of common migraines may be on only one side of your head.

How long migraine actually last?

Migraines may last from 4 to 72 hours. They may happen only once or twice a year, or as often as daily.

Women are more prone to migraine headaches.

migraine headaches are more common in women. In fact, about three out of four people who have migraines are women. They are most common in women between the ages of 35 and 45; this is often a time that women have more job, family, and social commitments. Women also tend to report higher levels of pain, longer headache time, and more symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting.

Hormones may also trigger migraine. Over half of women with migraine report having them right before, during, or after their period. Others get them for the first time when taking birth control pills. And some women start getting them when they enter menopause.

More than half of women with migraine have more headaches around or during their menstrual cycle. This is often called “menstrual migraine.” But, just a small fraction of these women only have migraine at this time (including me..loL got it frm ma mother). Most have migraine headaches at other times of the month as well.

How the menstrual cycle and migraine are linked is still unclear. We know that just before the cycle begins, levels of the female hormones, estrogen and progesterone, sharply go down. This drop in hormones may trigger a migraine, because estrogen controls chemicals in the brain that affect a woman’s pain sensation.

In some women, birth control pills improve migraine. They reduce the number of attacks and attacks may be less severe. But in others, birth control pills cause migraine.

thing to do before seeing a doctor.

• how often you have headaches

• where the pain is

• how long the headaches last

• when the headaches happen, such as during your menstrual cycle

• other symptoms, such as nausea or blind spots

• any family history of migraine

Your doctor may also do an exam and ask more questions about your health history. This could include past head injury, sinus or dental problems, or medicine use. By just talking with your doctor, you may be able to give enough information to diagnose migraine. You may get a blood test and other tests if your doctor thinks that something else could be causing your symptoms. Work with your doctor to decide on the best tests for you.

medicine for migraine.

There are 2 types of migraine treatments. Some treatments are used to relieve the headache pain. Most of these treatments should be started as soon as you think you’re getting a migraine. The other type includes treatments that are used to prevent headaches before they occur.

Nonprescription medicines that can help relieve migraine pain include aspirin, acetaminophen, an acetaminophen, aspirin and caffeine combination, ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketoprofen.

People who have more severe pain may need prescription medicine. A medicine called ergotamine can be effective alone or combined with other medicines. Dihydroergotamine is related to ergotamine and can be helpful. Other prescription medicines for migraines include sumatriptan, zolmitriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, almotriptan, eletriptan and frovatriptan.

If the pain won’t go away, stronger medicine may be needed, such as a narcotic (brand name: Stadol nasal spray) or medicines that contain a barbiturate. These medicines can be habit-forming and should be used cautiously.

Medicine to prevent migraines may be helpful if your headaches happen more than twice a month or if your headaches make it hard for you to work and function. Examples of medicines used to prevent migraines include propranolol, timolol, divalproex and some antidepressants.

preventing migraine.

• eating a healthy diet

• being active (at least 30 minutes most days of the week is best)

• doing relaxation exercises

• getting enough sleep

• avoid foods or other things that seem to cause migraines

• drink plenty of fluids

tips on reducing migraine pain.

1) Lie down in a dark, quiet room.

2) Put a cold compress or rag over your forehead.

3) Massage your scalp using a lot of pressure.

4) Put pressure on your temples.

WHY AM I WRITING THIS?

lol :lol: it’s because i’m actually having this freaking migraine right now. the light from my laptop screen is killin’ me tp effa cekalkan gak tulis mende ni…semoga kite same2 get imformed. haha..

blood system – blood group – physiology class

A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system, and some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues. Several of these red blood cell surface antigens, that stem from one allele (or very closely linked genes), collectively form a blood group system. A total of 29 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT).

ok! that’s the info i got fm the good old wiki~ now its time for my own research! reason of blood group is the presence of special glycoprotein in erythrocyte membrane.

antigen(physiologically) – substance contained in erythrocyte membrane (refer to figure above). the most important system is ABO system followed by Rhesus(Rh) system. each person has an individual antigenic structure.

[antigen(microbiologically) - any foreign subtance that can react with immune system to produce antibody]

agglutination - a version of immune reaction participated by antigen & antibody.

ABO system.

there r 4 group of blood according to ABO system; A, B, AB & O.

antigen of ABO system are; agglutinogen A, agglutinogen B, & agglutinogen H(not active,act as base, all people hv). they r water-insoluble glycoprotein. Antigen formation starts during 2nd month of embronic development & the greatest activity is during 8-10 years old..Antibody however, only start to develops during 2months of life; mostly due to reaction with antigen in foods.

agglutinins - antibody which are presence in blood plasma (can agglutinate with erythrocytes). there are two types; alpha (anti-A); which react with antigen A and beta (anti-B), react with antigen B. human blood can contains 1 or both or none agglutinin.

human blood never contain agglutinogen and agglutinin of the same type (agglutinogen A & agglutinin A or agglutinogen B & agglutinin B)

agglutination of erythrocyte – when agglutinogen of donor are combined with same agglutinin of recepient. occur during incompatible transfussion. antibody in plasma will react with agglutinogen in the surface of erytrocytes. the agglutinated erytrocytes block small vessels & capillaries; hemolysis of erythrocytes occur due to presence of hemolysin in incompatible agglutinogen of donor causing release of hemoglobin to plasma. free hemoglobin block kidney tubules. the symptoms include; headache, pain in joints, pain and dysfunction of kidney & liver which will lead to death.

Blood transfusion.

the main principle: transfer of blood of the same blood group.

principles of transfusion of blood to different group: 1) transfused blood should NOT contain identical agglutinogen of donor to identical agglutinin of recipient. 2) donor agglutinins are diluted when small(~500ml) volume of blood are transfused. (blood in human ~4.5 – 5L, so not enough agglutinins of donor – agglutination wont occur)

left: erythrocytes compatibility chart; right: plasma compatibility chart.

Method of bood transfusion.

1) before transfusion check ABO factor & Rhesus factor of recipient & donor.

2) then make cross test. (mix erythrocytes of donor n plasma of recipient & vice versa.) Check for agglutination cause by other factors.

3) then make biological test. tranfuse blood to the recipient 10-15ml fast. then stop for 3 minutes & check the patient. repeat this 3 times.

4) if no symptoms occurs (headache, respiratory problems, etc) then continue with full transfusion.

Rhesus system.

Many people also have a Rh factor on the red blood cell’s surface. This is also an antigen and those who have it are called Rh+. Those who haven’t are called Rh-. A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma (as one can have A or B antibodies, for instance). But a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood, whose Rh antigens can trigger the production of Rh antibodies. A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems. [from nobelprize.org]

Rhesus factors are = C,D,E,c,d,e. each person has one of each of the 3pairs. D antigen is widely prevalent and more antigenic than other Rh antigens. erythrocytes with D antigen, Rh+ (~85%); Rh- (~15%). antibody of this factor only develop after blood transfusion.

Rhesus conflicts:

1) transfusion of Rh+ to Rh- person, for 1st time no reaction occurs but Rh- person will develop anti-Rh which can cause agglutination. if he receive another Rh+ blood transfusion, will lead to post-transfusional shock due to agglutination.

2) Rh- mother with Rh+ fetus.During pregnancy,in normal condition blood of mother n fetus wont mix because there is a placental barrier between mother n fetus. but this barrier may increase in permeability during certain conditions (stress, heavy work, running, etc). blood mix can also happen during delivery or miscarriage due to tearing of placenta. this mix wil cause the mother will produce anti-D Rh antibody but the baby will be in normal condition. on her 2nd pregnancy with Rh+ fetus, anti-Rh antibody from mother may pass through placenta & agglutinate & hemolyse fetal blood. the baby will born with hemolytic disease of newborns (HDN) or erythroblastosis fetalis.

notes: about 2% of HDN is due to ABO blood incompability.but this is rare because the size of A & B aglutinogens is bigger, so wont penetrate tru placenta easily.

3) the mother(Rh-) had received blood transfusion from Rh+ donor. the 1st pregnancy maybe effected.

prevention: inject anti-D serum(Rh immune globulin) at 28 to 32 weeks of pregnancy in which the mother is Rh- & father Rh+. this anti-D serum binds fetal erythrocyte antigen so they cant stimulate mother’s immune system.

blood group notation; type of blood according to ABO system plus + or – (indication of Rhesus type)

mine is O+.last friday in physiology class we made experiment to determine blood group.actually the teacher Dr. Efes doesnt want us to use our own blood as experimental object, but using donor’s blood instead. but without her knowing i punctured my own finger with my pin tudung then use my own blood for the experiment (kantoi la..hihi). we tested the blood with serum containing different antibody(serum 0, serum A, n serum B). then in other expriment we tested the blood with anti-Rh..my blood didn’t agglutinate after mixing with all ABO serum but aglutinated when mix with anti-Rh serum. it proved my blood have no agglutinogen A or B but have agglutinogen-D, the characteristic of O blood group with Rh+.

hihi..research dah siap..scara xlangsung i’ve prepared myself for physiology control minggu depan :D

yuuhuu~ 8-)

reference: wikipedia, nobelprize.org, dr. efes class notes, saladin’s basic anat & physio, seniors notes.